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| Air Brake : | George Westinghouse, U.S.A. 1911. |
| Air Conditioning : | Willis Carrier, U.S.A. 1911. |
| Airplane : | engine-powered, Wilbur & Orville Wright, U.S.A., 1903. |
| Airship : | Henri Giffard, France, 1852; Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900. |
| Antibiotics : | Louis Pasteur, Jules-Francois Joubert, France, 1887; (discovery of penicillin) Alexander Fleming, Scotland, 1928. |
| Antiseptic : | (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867. |
| Aspirin : | Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899. |
| Atom : | (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911. |
| Atomic Structure : | Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; Ni els Bohr, Denmark, 1913. |
| Automated Teller Machine (ATM) : | Don Wetzel, U.S.A., 1968. |
| Automobile : | (first with internal combustion engine, 250 rmp) Karl Benz, Germany, 1885; (first with practical highspeed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885; (first true automobile, not carriage with motor) Rene Panhard, Emile Lavassor, France, 1891; (carburetor, spray) Charles E. Duryea, U.S.A., 1892. |
| Autopilot : | (for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S.A., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat. |
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| Bacteria : | Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683. |
| Bakelite : | Leo Hendrik Baekeland, U.S.A., 1907. |
| Ball Bearing : | Philip Vaughan, England, 1794. |
| Ballon, Hot-air : | Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783. |
| Bar Codes : | Monarch Marking, U.S.A. 1970. |
| Barometer : | Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643. |
| Bicycle : | Karl D. von Sauebronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884. |
| Big Bang Theory : | (the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (modified LeMaitre theory labeled "Big Bang") George A. Gamov, U.S.A., 1948; (cosmic microwave background radiation discovered) Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, U.S.A. 1965. |
| Blood, Circulation of : | William Harvey, England, 1628. |
| Bomb, Atomic : | J. Robert Oppenheimer et al., U.S.A., 1945. |
| Bomb, Thermonuclear (hydrogen) : | Edward Teller et al., U.S.A., 1952. |
| Boyle's Law : | (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662. |
| Braille : | Louis Braille, France, 1829. |
| Bridges : | (suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons , 1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S.A., 1820. |
| Bullet : | (conical) Claude Minie, France, 1849. |
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| Calculating Machine : | (logarithms) John Napierm Scotland, 1614; (digital calculator) Blaise Pascal, 1642; (multiplication machine) Go ttfried Leibniz, Germany, 1671; ("analytical engine" design, included concepts of programming, taping) Charles Babbage, England, 1835. |
| Camera : | George Eastman, U.S.A., 1888; (Polaroid) Edwin Land, U.S.A., 1948 |
| Car Radio : | William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S.A. 1929. |
| Cells : | Robert Hooke, England, 1665. |
| Chewing Gum : | John Curtis, U.S.A., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S.A., 1870. |
| Cholera Bacterium : | Robert Koch, Germany, 1883. |
| Circuit, Integrated : | (theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, U.S.A., 1959. |
| Clock, Pendulum : | Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656. |
| Clock, Quartz : | Warren A. Marrison, Canada/U.S.A., 1927. |
| Cloning, Animal : | John B. Gurdon, U.K., 1970. |
| Coca-Cola : | John Pemberton, U.S.A., 1886. |
| Combustion : | Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777. |
| Compact Disk : | RCA, U.S.A., 1972. |
| Compact Disk (CD) : | Philips Electronics, The Netherlands; Sony Corp., Japan, 1980. |
| Computed Tomography
(CT scan, CAT scan) : | Godfrey Hounsfield, Allan Cormack, U.K. U.S.A., 1972 |
| Computers : | (analytical engine) Charles Babbage, 1830s; (ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, first all-electronic, completed) John Presper Eckert, Jr., John Mauchly, U.S.A., 1945; (UNIVAC, Universal Automatic Computer) 1951; (personal computer) Steve Wozniak, U.S.A., 1976. |
| Computer Laptop : | Radio Shack Corp., U.S.A., 1983. |
| Concrete : | Joseph Monier, France, 1877. |
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| DDT : | Othmar Zeidler, Germany, 1874. |
| Detector, Metal : | Gerhard Fisher, Germany/U.S.A., late 1920s. |
| Deuterium : | (heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey, U.S.A., 1931. |
| DNA : | (deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869; (determination of double-helical structure) F. H. Crick, England and James D. Watson , U.S.A., 1953. |
| Dye : | William H. Perkin, England, 1856. |
| Dynamite : | Alfred Nobel, Sweden, 1867. |
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| Electric Generator (dynamo) : | (laboratory model) Michael Faraday, England, 1832; Joseph Henry, U.S.A., c.1832 ; (hand-driven model) Hippolyte Pixii, France, 1833; (alternating-current generator) Nikola Tesla, U.S.A., 1892. |
| Electron : | Sir Joseph J. Thompson, U.S.A., 1897. |
| Electronic Mail : | Ray Tomlinson, U.S.A., 1972. |
| Elevator, Passenger : | Elisha G. Otis, U.S.A., 1852. |
| E=mc2 | :(equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, 1907. |
| Engine, Internal Combustion : | No single inventor. Fundamental theory established by Sadi Carnot, France, 1824; (two-stroke) Etienne Lenoir, France, 1860; (ideal operating cycle for four-stroke) Alphonse Beau de Roche, France, 1862; (operating four-stroke) Nikolaus Otto, Germany, 1876; (diesel) Rudolf Diesel, Germany, 1892; (rotary) Felix Wanket, Germany, 1956. |
| Evolution : | : (organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, France, 1809; (by natural selection) Charles Darwin, England, 1859. |
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| Facsimile (fax) : | Alexander Bain, Scotland, 1842. |
| Fiber Optics : | Narinder Kapany, England, 1955. |
| Film Photographic : | George Eastman, U.S.A., 1884. |
| Flas hlight, Battery-operated Portable : | Conrad Hubert, Russia/U.S.A., 1899 |
| Flask, Vacuum (Thermos) : | Sir James Dewar, Scotland, 1892. |
| Fuel Cell : | William R. Grove, U.K., 1839 |
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| Genetic Engineering : | Stanley N. Cohen, Herbert W. Boyer, U.S.A., 1973. |
| Gravitation, Law of : | Sir Issac Newton, England, c.1665 (published 1687). |
| Gunpowder : | China, c.700. |
| Gyrocompass : | Elmer A. Sperry, U.S.A., 1905. |
| Gyroscope : | Jean Leon Foucault, France, 1852. |
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| Helicopter : | (double rotor) Heinrich Focke, Germany, 1936; (single rotor) Igor Silorsky, U.S.A. , 1939. |
| Helium First Observed on Sun: | Sir Joseph Lockyer, England, 1868. |
| Home Videotape Systems
(VCR) : | (Betamax) Sony, Japan, (1975); (VHS) Matsushita, Japan, 1975. |
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| Ice Age Theo ry : | Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American, 1840. |
| Insulin : | (first isolated) Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, Canada , 1921; (discovery first published) Banting and Best, 1922; (Nobel Prize awarded for purification for use in humans) John Macleod and Banting, 1923; (first synthesized), China, 1966. |
| Internet : | Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) at the Dept. of Defense, U.S.A., 1969. |
| Iron, Electric : | Henry W. Seely, U.S.A., 1882. |
| Isotopes : | Frederick Soddy, England, 1912. |
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| Jet Propulsion : | (engine) Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany, 1936; (aircraft) Heinkel He 178, 1939. |
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| Laser : | (theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S.A. Basov, A. Prokhorov, U.S.S.R., 1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman, U.S.A., 1960. |
| LCD (liquid crystal display) : | Hoffman n-La Roche, Switzerland, 1970. |
| Lens, Bifocal : | Benjamin Franklin, U.S.A., c.1760. |
| Light-Emitting Diode (LED) : | Nick Holonyak, Jr., U.S.A., 1962. |
| Light, Speed of : | (theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer, Denmark, 1675. |
| Locomotive : | (steam powered) Richard Trevithick, England, 1804; (first practical, due to multiple-fire-tube boiler) George Stephenson, England, 1829; (largest steam-powered) Union Pacific's "Big Boy", U.S.A., 1941. |
| Loud Speaker : | Chester W. Rice, Edward W. Kellogg, U.S.A., 1924. |
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| Machine Gun : | (multibarrel) Richard J. Gatling, U.S.A., 1862; (single barrel, belt-fed) Hiram S. Maxim, Anglo-American, 1884. |
| Magnet, Ea rth is : | William Gilbert, England, 1600. |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) : | Raymond Damadian, Paul Lauterbur, U.S.A., early 1970s. |
| Matchstick/box : | (phosphorus) Francois Derosne, France, 1816; (friction) Charles Sauria, France, 1831; (safety) J. E. Lundstrom, Sweden, 1855. |
| Metric System : | Revolutionary government of France, 1790-1801. |
| Microphone : | Charles Wheatstone, England, 1827. |
| Microscope : | (compound) Zacharias Janssen, The Netherlands, 1590; (electron) Vladimir Zworykin et al., U.S.A., Canada, Germany, 1932-1939. |
| Microwave Oven : | Percy Spencer, U.S.A., 1947. |
| Missile, Guided : | Wernher von Braun, Germany, 1942. |
| Motion, Laws of : | Isaac Newton, England, 1687. |
| Motion Pictures : | Thomas A. Edison, U.S.A., 1893. |
| Motion Pictures, Sound : | Product of various inventions. First picture with synchronized musical score : Don Juan, 1926; with spoken diologue : The Jazz Singer, 1927; both Warner Bros. |
| Motor, Electric : | Michael Faraday, England, 1822; (alternating-current) Nikola Tesla, U.S.A., 1892. |
| Motorcy cle : | (motor tricycle) Edward Butler, England, 1884; (gasoline-engine motorcycle) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885. |
| Moving Assembly Line : | Henry Ford, U.S.A., 1913. |
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| Neutron : | James Chadwick, England, 1932. |
| Nuclear Fission : | Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Germany, 1938. |
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